Communication of medical errors in a simulated clinical scenario. Experience with a pediatric residency group.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the performance of groups of pediatric residents from a Buenos Aires hospital, in terms of correct recognition and communication of a medical error (ME), in a high-fidelity simulation scenario. To describe the reactions and communication attempts following the ME and the self-perception by the trainees before and after a debriefing. METHODS: Quasi-experimental uncontrolled study conducted in a simulation center. First- and third-year pediatric residents participated. We designed a simulation case in which an ME occurred and the patient deteriorated. During the simulation, participants had to provide information on communicating the ME to the patient's father. We assessed communication performance and, additionally, participants completed a self-perception survey about ME management before and after a debriefing. RESULTS: Eleven groups of residents participated. Ten (90.9%) identified the ME correctly, but only 27.3% (n=3) of them reported that a ME had occurred. None of the groups told the father they were going to give him important news concerning his son's health. All 18 residents who actively participated in this communication completed the self-perception survey, with an average score before and after debriefing of 5.00 and 5.05 (out of 10) (p=0.88). CONCLUSIONS: We observed a high number of groups that recognized the presence of a ME, but the communication action was substantially low. Communication skills were insufficient and residents' self-perception of error management was regular and not modified by the debriefing.

Síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico en pediatría: importancia de la evaluación inicial de los parámetros de laboratorio / Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in children: the importance of evaluation of early laboratory parameters

RESUMEN Introducción : El síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico en pediatría (SIM-C) es una infrecuente entidad asociada a COVID-19 con un amplio espectro de presentación: desde un cuadro similar a la enfermedad de Kawasaki a una afectación multisistémica con shock. Se han descripto asociaciones entre valores de laboratorio y mala evolución, pero no existen puntos de corte que predigan la misma. Objetivo : El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y analizar las características de los pacientes con SIM-C y las relaciones de estas con los hallazgos de laboratorio. Material y métodos : Se realizó un estudio analítico y retrospectivo de niños internados con diagnóstico de SIM-C entre mayo 2020 y junio 2021 en el HNRG. Se estudiaron 32 pacientes, 17 femeninas (53,13%) y 15 masculinos (46,87%), edad promedio de 7,67 años (rango 0,5-14,91). Diez de los pacientes (31,25%) presentaron shock. Se obtuvieron datos clínicos, ecocardiográficos y valores de troponina I ultrasensible, NT-proBNP, plaquetas y linfocitos al momento del diagnóstico; y se analizaron comparativamente entre quienes presentaron shock durante la evolución (Grupo 1) y quienes no (Grupo 2). Resultados : La diferencia en un valor inicial de NT-proBNP elevado fue estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos (p=0,008), en tanto que la troponina y el recuento de linfocitos y plaquetas, no. De los 13 pacientes que requirieron inotrópicos, el 58% presentó linfopenia inicialmente (p=0,006 vs aquellos que no los necesitaron). Conclusiones : Si bien la mortalidad debido al SIM-C es baja, la afectación cardiovascular y el compromiso hemodinámico en los paci entes que presentaron este síndrome puede ser frecuente. Poder contar con una herramienta de laboratorio ampliamente difundida para la categorización de pacientes podría ayudar a mitigar riesgos y obtener una derivación temprana a centros especializados.

ABSTRACT Background : Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is an uncommon condition associated with COVID-19 with a wide spectrum of presentations, ranging from Kawasaki-like disease to multisystem involvement with shock. The as sociation between the laboratory characteristics and unfavorable outcome has been described, but the cut-off points associated with higher risk have not yet been defined. Objective : The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the characteristics of patients with MIS-C and their associations with the laboratory findings. Methods : We conducted an analytical and retrospective study of pediatric patients hospitalized between May 2020 and June 2021 with diagnosis of MIS-C in Hospital General de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez (HNRG). The cohort was made up of 23 patients, 17 female (53.13%) and 15 male (46.87%); mean age was 7.67 years (range 0.5-14.91). Ten patients (31.25%) presented shock. Clinical and echocardiographic data and values of high-sensitive troponin I, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), platelets and lymphocytes at the time of diagnosis were obtained and compared between those with shock during evolution (group 1) and those without shock (group 2). Results : There was a significant difference in baseline elevated NT-proBNP values between both groups (p = 0.008), but not in troponin levels and lymphocyte and platelet counts. Of the 13 patients who required inotropic agents, 58% had baseline lymphopenia (p = 0.006 vs those who did not require inotropic drugs). Conclusions : Although mortality due to MIS-C is low, cardiac involvement and hemodynamic impairment may be common. The availability of a commonly used laboratory tool for patient categorization could help to mitigate risks and obtain early referral to specialized centers.

Economic Impact Analysis of Incorporation of Elecsys sFlt-1/PlGF Ratio Into Routine Practice for the Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Pregnant Women With Suspected Preeclampsia in Argentina.

OBJECTIVES: Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that can cause severe complications and adverse fetal/maternal outcomes. We aimed to estimate the annual economic impact of incorporating Elecsys® sFlt-1/PlGF PE ratio, which measures soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and placental growth factor, into routine clinical practice in Argentina to aid diagnosis of PE and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome from second trimester onward in pregnancies with clinical suspicion of PE. METHODS: A decision tree was used to estimate annual economic impact on the Argentine health system as a whole, including relevant costs associated with diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment from initial presentation of clinically suspected PE to delivery. Annual costs of a standard-of-care scenario and a scenario including PE ratio (reference year 2021) were analyzed. RESULTS: The economic model estimated that using the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio would enable the overall health system to save ∼$6987 million Argentine pesos annually (95% confidence interval $12 045-$2952 million), a 39.1% reduction in costs versus standard of care, mainly due to reduced hospitalizations of women with suspected PE. The economic impact calculation estimated net annual savings of approximately $80 504 Argentine pesos per patient with suspected PE. Based on the assumed uncertainty of the parameters, the likelihood the intervention would be cost saving was 100% for the considered scenarios. CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that the implementation of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in women with suspected PE in Argentina will enable the health system to achieve significant savings, contributing to more efficient clinical management through the likely reduction of unnecessary hospitalizations, depending on assumptions. Results rest on the payers' ability to recover savings generated by the intervention.

Communication of medical errors in a simulated clinical scenario. Experience with a pediatric residency group / Comunicação de erros médicos em cenário clínico simulado. Experiência com residentes em Pediatria

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the performance of groups of pediatric residents from a Buenos Aires hospital, in terms of correct recognition and communication of a medical error (ME), in a high-fidelity simulation scenario. To describe the reactions and communication attempts following the ME and the self-perception by the trainees before and after a debriefing. Methods: Quasi-experimental uncontrolled study conducted in a simulation center. First- and third-year pediatric residents participated. We designed a simulation case in which an ME occurred and the patient deteriorated. During the simulation, participants had to provide information on communicating the ME to the patient's father. We assessed communication performance and, additionally, participants completed a self-perception survey about ME management before and after a debriefing. Results: Eleven groups of residents participated. Ten (90.9%) identified the ME correctly, but only 27.3% (n=3) of them reported that a ME had occurred. None of the groups told the father they were going to give him important news concerning his son's health. All 18 residents who actively participated in this communication completed the self-perception survey, with an average score before and after debriefing of 5.00 and 5.05 (out of 10) (p=0.88). Conclusions: We observed a high number of groups that recognized the presence of a ME, but the communication action was substantially low. Communication skills were insufficient and residents' self-perception of error management was regular and not modified by the debriefing.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o desempenho de grupos de residentes pediátricos de um hospital de Buenos Aires, em termos de reconhecimento e comunicação correta de um erro médico (EM),em cenário de simulação. Descrever as reações e tentativas de comunicação após o EM e a autopercepção pelos estagiários antes e depois de um questionário. Métodos: Estudo quase experimental não controlado realizado em centro de simulação. Participaram residentes pediátricos do primeiro e terceiro anos. Concebeu-se um caso de simulação em que ocorreu um EM com deterioração de um paciente. Durante a simulação, os participantes tiveram que fornecer informações relacionadas à comunicação do EM ao pai do paciente. Avaliou-se o desempenho da comunicação e, adicionalmente, os participantes completaram um inquérito de autopercepção sobre a gestão da EM, antes e depois de um questionário. Resultados: Onze grupos de residentes participaram. Dez (90,9%) identificaram corretamente o EM, mas apenas 27,3% (n=3) deles comunicaram que havia ocorrido o EM. Nenhum dos grupos disse ao pai que iria dar notícias importantes sobre a saúde do seu filho. Todos os 18 residentes que participaram ativamente da comunicação completaram o questionário de autopercepção com uma pontuação média antes e depois do questionário de 5,00 e 5,05 (máximo: 10 pontos) (p=0,88). Conclusões: Observamos elevado número de grupos que reconheceram a presença de um EM, mas a ação de comunicação foi rara. A capacidade de comunicação foi insuficiente e a autopercepção da gestão de erros por parte dos residentes foi regular, não sendo modificada pelo debriefing.

Cost-Utility and Budget Impact Analysis of Implementing Anticoagulation Clinics and Point-of-Care Monitoring Devices in Anticoagulated Patients in Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, 1 % of the population receives anticoagulation therapy, with prevalence higher in older adults. Difficulties in the adequate management of these patients have led to the development of strategies focused on achieving therapeutic control and reducing adverse events with efficient use of resources. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cost utility and budget impact on the Argentinean health system of implementation of anticoagulation clinics (ACs) (with and without use of point-of-care [POC] CoaguChek® devices [Roche Diagnostics International Ltd]) compared with the traditional laboratory method (non-AC settings) for the management of anticoagulated patients. METHODS: For the cost-utility analysis, a cohort-based state transition model was designed to compare costs and health outcomes of implementing ACs for outpatient management of anticoagulated patients. The budget impact analysis used an analytical model to estimate the differential costs of implementing an AC and the expected adverse events avoided, and the differential costs of an international normalized ratio (INR) determination using a POC device rather than a conventional laboratory. RESULTS: We calculated the study outcomes for a cohort of 1000 patients. Considering a 5 % discount rate, the use of ACs generated 13.9 additional quality-adjusted life-years (0.014 per patient) and 12.5 additional life-years (0.013 per patient). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of AC implementation with and without the use of POC devices compared with the scenario without ACs were dominant in both cases. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, nearly all simulated results were cost effective (i.e., below the 1 or 3 gross domestic product per capita thresholds). Budget impact analysis results showed AC implementation generated savings from the first year of implementation, with savings of AR $265,325 by year 5. The addition of POC devices in the ACs also generated savings as early as the first year of implementation, with savings of AR $488,072 by year 5 (AR $488 per patient). CONCLUSIONS: Anticoagulation clinics are estimated to be cost effective and generate notable savings in the treatment of patients on long-term oral anticoagulant therapy when compared with non-AC settings. These savings are considerably higher when POC devices are added as part of the patient management, due to lower laboratory technician costs per INR determination.

Budget impact analysis of using procalcitonin to optimize antimicrobial treatment for patients with suspected sepsis in the intensive care unit and hospitalized lower respiratory tract infections in Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Inappropriate antibiotic use represents a major global threat. Sepsis and bacterial lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) have been linked to antimicrobial resistance, carrying important consequences for patients and health systems. Procalcitonin-guided algorithms may represent helpful tools to reduce antibiotic overuse but the financial burden is unclear. The aim of this study was to estimate the healthcare and budget impact in Argentina of using procalcitonin-guided algorithms to guide antibiotic prescription. METHODS: A decision tree was used to model health and cost outcomes for the Argentinean health system, over a one-year duration. Patients with suspected sepsis in the intensive care unit and hospitalized patients with LRTI were included. Model parameters were obtained from a focused, non-systematic, local and international bibliographic search, and validated by a panel of local experts. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to analyze the uncertainty of parameters. RESULTS: The model predicted that using procalcitonin-guided algorithms would result in 734.5 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1,105.2;438.8] thousand fewer antibiotic treatment days, 7.9 [95% CI: 18.5;8.5] thousand antibiotic-resistant cases avoided, and 5.1 [95% CI: 6.7;4.2] thousand fewer Clostridioides difficile cases. In total, this would save $422.4 US dollars (USD) [95% CI: $935;$267] per patient per year, meaning cost savings of $83.0 [95% CI: $183.6;$57.7] million USD for the entire health system and $0.4 [95% CI: $0.9;$0.3] million USD for a healthcare provider with 1,000 cases per year of sepsis and LRTI patients. The sensitivity analysis showed that the probability of cost-saving for the sepsis patient group was lower than for the LRTI patient group (85% vs. 100%). CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare and financial benefits can be obtained by implementing procalcitonin-guided algorithms in Argentina. Although we found results to be robust on an aggregate level, some caution must be used when focusing only on sepsis patients in the intensive care unit.

Relevamiento de las residencias de Pediatría en la Argentina / National survey of pediatric residences in Argentina

Introducción. Actualmente, no existe un registro completo de las residencias pediátricas de la Argentina.Objetivos. Identificar todas las residencias pediátricas de la Argentina. Establecer un diagnóstico de situación y un registro unificado.Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, observacional de corte transversal. Se estableció un listado preliminar de residencias con datos de la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría. Se comparó con los de todos los sistemas de selección vigentes. Se contactó a todos los colegios médicos del país y a las dependencias ministeriales, provinciales y municipales de salud para completar el registro.Resultados. Se identificaron 188 residencias. Cincuenta y cinco (el 30 %) no se encontraban en ningún registro. El 70,2 % eran de dependencia pública. Casi el 80 % funcionaban en hospitales generales. La mayoría se encontraban acreditadas por algún organismo.Conclusiones. Se identificaron todas las residencias pediátricas del país. Se estableció un diagnóstico de situación y un registro unificado.

Introduction. Currently, there is no complete registry of pediatric residences in Argentina.Objectives. To identify all pediatric residences in Argentina. To establish a situation diagnosis and a unified registry.Methods. Descriptive, observational cross-sectional study. A preliminary list of residences was established with data from the Argentine Pediatric Society. It was compared with those of all the current selection systems. All the Medical Colleges of the country and the ministerial, provincial and municipal Health agencies were contacted to complete the registration.Results. 188 residences were identified. Fifty-five (30 %) were not found in any registry; 70.2 % were from public dependency. Almost 80 % worked in general hospitals. Most of them were accredited by different institutions.Conclusions. All pediatric residences in the country were identified. A situation diagnosis and a unified registry were established

[National survey of pediatric residences in Argentina]. / Relevamiento de las residencias de Pediatría en la Argentina.

Introduction: Currently, there is no complete registry of pediatric residences in Argentina. Objectives: To identify all pediatric residences in Argentina. To establish a situation diagnosis and a unified registry. Methods: Descriptive, observational crosssectional study. A preliminary list of residences was established with data from the Argentine Pediatric Society. It was compared with those of all the current selection systems. All the Medical Colleges of the country and the ministerial, provincial and municipal Health agencies were contacted to complete the registration. Results: 188 residences were identified. Fifty-five (30 %) were not found in any registry; 70.2 % were from public dependency. Almost 80 % worked in general hospitals. Most of them were accredited by different institutions. Conclusions: All pediatric residences in the country were identified. A situation diagnosis and a unified registry were established.

Introducción. Actualmente, no existe un registro completo de las residencias pediátricas de la Argentina. Objetivos. Identificar todas las residencias pediátricas de la Argentina. Establecer un diagnóstico de situación y un registro unificado. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, observacional de corte transversal. Se estableció un listado preliminar de residencias con datos de la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría. Se comparó con los de todos los sistemas de selección vigentes. Se contactó a todos los colegios médicos del país y a las dependencias ministeriales, provinciales y municipales de salud para completar el registro. Resultados. Se identificaron 188 residencias. Cincuenta y cinco (el 30 %) no se encontraban en ningún registro. El 70,2 % eran de dependencia pública. Casi el 80 % funcionaban en hospitales generales. La mayoría se encontraban acreditadas por algún organismo. Conclusiones. Se identificaron todas las residencias pediátricas del país. Se estableció un diagnóstico de situación y un registro unificado.

Relevamiento de drogas en carros de emergencia de un hospital pediátrico. Estudio antes-después de una intervención educativa / Assessment of emergency trolley drugs in a children's hospital. Before and after study on an educational intervention

Introducción. El abordaje de las emergencias pediátricas requiere recursos especializados y son frecuentes los errores relacionados con la medicación.Objetivos. Describir el contenido de los carros de emergencia (CE) en un hospital pediátrico y compararlo luego de una intervención educativa.Métodos. Se incluyeron CE de 9 salas de internación. Se elaboró una lista de cotejo con 30 drogas. Se relevaron los CE determinando presencia o ausencia de drogas y si las cantidades eran suficientes. Luego se realizó una intervención educativa y relevamientos 30 y 90 días posintervención.Resultados. La medición basal arrojó una proporción global de drogas adecuadas del 43,9 % (intervalo de confianza ­IC­ del 95 %: 38,4-49,4) con una variación entre CE del 29 % al 54,8 % y del 15 % al 85 % en los grupos de drogas. A los 30 días, la proporción correcta alcanzó el 70,3 % (IC 95 %: 65,2-75,4), con amplia variación entre los diferentes CE y grupos de drogas (del 51,6 % al 93,5 % y del 50 % al 95 %, respectivamente). A los 90 días, los porcentajes fueron similares. La comparación entre la primera y segunda medición mostró mejoría en todos los CE (rango: del 3,2 % al 45,1 %), odds ratio 3,73 (IC 95 %: 2,5-5,6), p < 0,001. Los resultados fueron similares entre la segunda y tercera medición.Conclusiones. En la medición inicial, se evidenció bajo nivel de adecuación de drogas de los CE. Luego de la intervención, mejoró significativamente y se mantuvo durante el período evaluado.

Introduction. The approach to pediatric emergencies requires specialized resources, and medication errors are common.Objectives. To describe the contents of emergency trolleys (ETs) in a children's hospital and compare them after an educational intervention.Methods. The ETs from 9 hospitalization wards were included. A checklist of 30 drugs was developed. ETs were assessed by determining whether drugs were present or absent and their amount. An educational intervention was conducted and assessments were repeated 30 and 90 days after the intervention.Results. The baseline measurement indicated an overall ratio of adequate drugs of 43.9 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 38.4-49.4) with a variation among ETs from 29 % to 54.8 %, and from 15 % to 85 % among drug groups. At 30 days, the adequate ratio reached 70.3 % (95 % CI: 65.2-75.4), with a wide variation among the different ETs and drug groups (from 51.6 % to 93.5 % and from 50 % to 95 %, respectively). At 90 days, the percentages were similar. The comparison between the first and second measurementshowed an improvement in all ETs (range: 3.2 %-45.1 %), odds ratio: 3.73 (95 % CI: 2.5-5.6), p < 0.001. Results were similar between the second and third measurement.Conclusions. The baseline measurement showed a low level of adequate ET drugs. After the intervention, this improved significantly and was maintained during the studied period

Assessment of emergency trolley drugs in a children's hospital. Before and after study on an educational intervention. / Relevamiento de drogas en carros de emergencia de un hospital pediátrico. Estudio antes-después de una intervención educativa.

INTRODUCTION: The approach to pediatric emergencies requires specialized resources, and medication errors are common. OBJECTIVES: To describe the contents of emergency trolleys (ETs) in a children's hospital and compare them after an educational intervention. METHODS: The ETs from 9 hospitalization wards were included. A checklist of 30 drugs was developed. ETs were assessed by determining whether drugs were present or absent and their amount. An educational intervention was conducted and assessments were repeated 30 and 90 days after the intervention. RESULTS: The baseline measurement indicated an overall ratio of adequate drugs of 43.9 % (95 % confidence interval [Cl]: 38.4-49.4) with a variation among ETs from 29 % to 54.8 %, and from 15 % to 85 % among drug groups. At 30 days, the adequate ratio reached 70.3 % (95 % CI: 65.275.4), with a wide variation among the different ETs and drug groups (from 51.6 % to 93.5 % and from 50 % to 95 %, respectively). At 90 days, the percentages were similar. The comparison between the first and second measurement showed an improvement in all ETs (range: 3.2 %-45.1 %), odds ratio: 3.73 (95 % CI: 2.5-5.6), p < 0.001. Results were similar between the second and third measurement. CONCLUSIONS: The baseline measurement showed a low level of adequate ET drugs. After the intervention, this improved significantly and was maintained during the studied period.

Introducción. El abordaje de las emergencias pediátricas requiere recursos especializados y son frecuentes los errores relacionados con la medicación. Objetivos. Describir el contenido de los carros de emergencia (CE) en un hospital pediátrico y compararlo luego de una intervención educativa. Métodos. Se incluyeron CE de 9 salas de internación. Se elaboró una lista de cotejo con 30 drogas. Se relevaron los CE determinando presencia o ausencia de drogas y si las cantidades eran suficientes. Luego se realizó una intervención educativa y relevamientos 30 y 90 días posintervención. Resultados. La medición basal arrojó una proporción global de drogas adecuadas del 43,9 % (intervalo de confianza -IC- del 95 %: 38,449,4) con una variación entre CE del 29 % al 54,8 % y del 15 % al 85 % en los grupos de drogas. A los 30 días, la proporción correcta alcanzó el 70,3 % (IC 95 %: 65,2-75,4), con amplia variación entre los diferentes CE y grupos de drogas (del 51,6 % al 93,5 % y del 50 % al 95 %, respectivamente). A los 90 días, los porcentajes fueron similares. La comparación entre la primera y segunda medición mostró mejoría en todos los CE (rango: del 3,2 % al 45,1 %), odds ratio 3,73 (IC 95 %: 2,55,6), p < 0,001. Los resultados fueron similares entre la segunda y tercera medición. Conclusiones. En la medición inicial, se evidenció bajo nivel de adecuación de drogas de los CE. Luego de la intervención, mejoró significativamente y se mantuvo durante el período evaluado.

Impacto del uso de oxigenoterapia de alto flujo en el Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez / Impact of high-flow oxygen therapy in Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital

Introducción. En la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 35 000 niños con infección respiratoria aguda baja (IRAB) son asistidos por el sistema de salud pública cada año, 8-10% requieren internación en unidades de clínica (UC) y de ellos 5-12% ingresa a unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica (UTIP). La oxigenoterapia a través de cánulas nasales de alto flujo (CNAF) surge como alternativa terapéutica en la escalada de tratamiento. Objetivos. Describir la implementación de un protocolo de asistencia progresiva incluyendo CNAF a pacientes con IRAB internados en UC del Hospital de Niños "Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez" desde junio a septiembre del bienio 2017/2018. Analizar el impacto de la implementación comparando los resultados con el mismo periodo del bienio anterior (2015/2016) considerando la tasa de admisión a UTIP como punto final. Métodos. Cohorte prospectiva con controles históricos. Los datos 2017/2018 se recolectaron en un formulario diseñado para tal fin y los de 2015/2016 se obtuvieron de registros del servicio de Epidemiología. Se incluyeron pacientes de 1 a 18 meses internados por IRAB. Los resultados se expresan como cantidad, porcentaje e intervalo de confianza de 95% (IC95%) y las medidas de asociación como riesgo relativo (RR), reducción de riesgo absoluto (RRA) y número necesario a tratar (NNT). Resultados. En el bienio 2015/2016 se internaron en UC 547 pacientes (266 y 281, respectivamente) con una tasa de admisión a UTIP de 5,7% (IC95% 3,7-7,6; n=31) y una mortalidad de 0.7% (IC95% 0.2-1.4; n=4). En el bienio 2017/2018 se internaron 391 pacientes (219 y 172 respectivamente), 203 de los cuales recibieron CNAF (51,9%). La tasa de admisión a UTIP fue 4,6% (IC95% 2,5-6,7%; n=18) y requirieron ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) 2,8% (IC95% 1,2-4,5; n=11 de 391) con una mortalidad de 0%. La comparación de ambos grupos con respecto al ingreso a UTIP mostró: RR=0,81 (IC95% 0,46-1,43), RRA=1,1%, NNT=94. Entre 2015/2016 y 2017/2018 no se observaron diferencias significativas en edad: 7 meses (4-11) vs. 8 (4-12) ni en prevalencia de gérmenes en IFI: negativo 54.2%, VSR 35.1% vs. negativo 48.3% y VSR 43.9%, respectivamente; con una estadía hospitalaria discretamente menor: 6 días (4-9) vs 5 (3-7). No se observaron complicaciones asociadas al uso de CNAF. Conclusión. La implementación estandarizada de CNAF en UC fue una medida segura y bien tolerada

Introduction. In Buenos Aires city 35 000 children with acute lower respiratory infection (LRTI) are assisted by the public health system every year. 8 to 10% of them require hospitalization in general wards (GW) while 5 to 12% of those are admitted to pediatric intensive care units (PICU). Oxygen therapy through high flow nasal cannulas (HFNC) rises as a therapeutic option during treatment. Objectives. To describe the implementation of a progressive assistance protocol including HFNC for LRTI patients in GW at "Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez" children hospital between June and September, 2017 and 2018. To compare these results with the equivalent period from the previous biennium (2015/2016), considering PICU admission as the outcome. Methods. Prospective cohort study with historical controls. Records from 2015/2016 were provided by the Epidemiology service and those from 2017/2018 were collected prospectively in a specifically designed form. Hospitalized LRTI patients ranging from 1 to 18 months of age were included. Results are expressed as Relative Risk (RR), Absolute Risk Reduction (RRA) and number needed to treat (NNT). Results. In 2015/2016 biennium, 547 patients were hospitalized in GW (266 and 281, respectively) with a PICU admission rate of 5,7% (95%CI 3,7-7,6; n=31) and a mortality of 0.7% (95%CI 0.2-1.4; n=4). In 2017/2018 biennium, 391 patients were hospitalized (219 and 172, respectively), 203 of which received HFNC (51,9%). PICU admission rate was 4,6% (95%CI 2,5-6,7%; n=18) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) was required in 2,8% of the cases (95%CI 1,2-4,5; n=11 out of 391) with 0% mortality. Comparing both groups in terms of PICU admission, the following was observed: RR=0,81, RRA=1,1%, NNT=94. Between 2015/2016 and 2017/2018 no differences were observed in age: 7 (4-11) vs. 8 months (4-12), length of stay: 6 (4-9) vs. 5 days (3-7), or germ prevalence in IFA-test: 54.2% negative and 35.1% RSV vs. 48.3% negative and 43.9% RSV 43.9%, respectively. No complications associated with the new protocol were observed. Conclusion. Standardized HFNC use in UC was shown as a safe and well-tolerated measure

Espondilodiscitis por Kingella kingae: A propósito de un caso de presentación atípica / Atypical presentation of Spondylodiscitis by Kingella Kingae: a case report

La espondilodiscitis infecciosa es una infección poco frecuente en niños, con mayor incidencia en menores de 6 años. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 8 años, que se internó por dolor lumbar de 2 meses de evolución, afebril. La radiografía, tomografía e imagen por resonancia magnética nuclear fueron compatibles con espondilodiscitis a nivel de L4-L5. Luego de 10 días de antibioticoterapia empírica con clindamicina, con regular respuesta, se realizó punción ósea y se aisló Kingella kingae. Existe un aumento en la incidencia de infecciones osteoarticulares por Kingella kingae en lactantes y niños pequeños. La reemergencia en los últimos años se justifica por la optimización en las técnicas de cultivo, el uso de sistemas automatizados y de técnicas moleculares de diagnóstico. Kingella kingae es un patógeno que ha adquirido importancia en los últimos años en las infecciones osteoarticulares.

Infectious Spondylodiscitis is a rare infection in children. It is more frequent in patients under 6 years of age. We report the case of an 8-year-old patient with lumbar pain for 2 months, without fever. Xrays, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging all three showed spondylodiscitis L4-L5. After a 10-day antibiotic treatment with clindamycin with regular response, a bone puncture was performed isolating Kingella kingae (Kk). Ostearticular infections caused by Kk have increased among infants and children. Due to improvement in culture techniques, the usage of automatic systems and assessment molecular techniques, these infections re-emerged in the past few years. Kk is a pathogen that has lately become significant in osteoarticular infections.

[Atypical presentation of Spondylodiscitis by Kingella Kingae: a case report]. / Espondilodiscitis por Kingella kingae: A propósito de un caso de presentación atípica.

Infectious Spondylodiscitis is a rare infection in children. It is more frequent in patients under 6 years of age. We report the case of an 8-year-old patient with lumbar pain for 2 months, without fever. Xrays, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging all three showed spondylodiscitis L4-L5. After a 10-day antibiotic treatment with clindamycin with regular response, a bone puncture was performed isolating Kingella kingae (Kk). Ostearticular infections caused by Kk have increased among infants and children. Due to improvement in culture techniques, the usage of automatic systems and assessment molecular techniques, these infections re-emerged in the past few years. Kk is a pathogen that has lately become significant in osteoarticular infections.

La espondilodiscitis infecciosa es una infección poco frecuente en niños, con mayor incidencia en menores de 6 años. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 8 años, que se internó por dolor lumbar de 2 meses de evolución, afebril. La radiografía, tomografía e imagen por resonancia magnética nuclear fueron compatibles con espondilodiscitis a nivel de L4-L5. Luego de 10 días de antibioticoterapia empírica con clindamicina, con regular respuesta, se realizó punción ósea y se aisló Kingella kingae. Existe un aumento en la incidencia de infecciones osteoarticulares por Kingella kingae en lactantes y niños pequeños. La reemergencia en los últimos años se justifica por la optimización en las técnicas de cultivo, el uso de sistemas automatizados y de técnicas moleculares de diagnóstico. Kingella kingae es un patógeno que ha adquirido importancia en los últimos años en las infecciones osteoarticulares.

Pesquisa sobre vacunación y oportunidades de prevención y educación para la salud: Experiencia en una residencia pediátrica mediante el Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise / Vaccination status inquiry and hierarchy of prevention and health education opportunities: Experience in a Pediatric Residency using the Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise

Introducción. El Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) es una herramienta formativa. Dentro de sus ítems, evalúa la pesquisa del estado de vacunación y la jerarquización de oportunidades de prevención. Objetivos. Determinar porcentaje de pesquisa de dichos ítems en controles de salud y demanda. Comparar desempeño entre primer y tercer año. Materiales y métodos. Análisis retrospectivo de las planillas del Mini-CEX de residentes. Resultados. Se evaluaron 119 residentes. La prevalencia de pesquisa de vacunación en controles fue 94,9% (intervalo de confianza -IC-: 91,09-98,91); en demanda, 73,1% (IC: 65,2-81; OR 5,33; IC: 2,23-12,75; p= 0,00004). La prevalencia de aprovechamiento de oportunidades en controles fue 69,8% (IC: 61,6-78); en demanda, 62,2% (IC: 53,5-70,9; OR 1,034; IC: 0,46382,306; p= 0,4673). En 32 residentes se comparó su desempeño entre primer y tercer año en demandas, sin diferencia significativa. Conclusiones. Se detectó alta prevalencia de pesquisa de vacunación y menor prevalencia de aprovechamiento de oportunidades en controles, con menor pesquisa de ambos ítems en demandas.

Introduction. The Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) is a formative tool with two descriptors assessing the inquiry of vaccination status and the hierarchy of prevention opportunities. Objectives. Determine the prevalence of both items in pediatric controls and spontaneous demands. Compare the performance between first and third year of their training. Material and methods. Retrospective analysis based on trainees Mini-CEX charts. Results. There were 119 residents evaluated during their first year. The prevalence of vaccination status screening in controls was 94.9% (confidence interval -CI-: 91.09-98.91); in demands 73.1% (CI: 65.2-81; OR 5.33; CI: 2.2312.75; p 0.00004). The prevalence of prevention opportunities in controls was 69.8% (CI: 61.678); in demands 62.2% (CI: 53.5-70.9; OR 1.034; CI: 0.4638-2.306; p= 0.4673). There were 32 trainees compared between their first and third year performance in demands, without significant difference. Conclusions. We found high prevalence of vaccination inquiry and lower prevalence of hierarchization of prevention opportunities in controls, with less inquiry in demands.

[Evaluation Exercise Vaccination status inquiry and hierarchy of prevention and health education opportunities. Experience in a Pediatric Residency using the Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise]. / Pesquisa sobre vacunación y oportunidades de prevención y educación para la salud. Experiencia en una residencia pediátrica mediante el Mini-Clinical.

INTRODUCTION: The Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) is a formative tool with two descriptors assessing the inquiry of vaccination status and the hierarchy of prevention opportunities. Objectives. Determine the prevalence of both items in pediatric controls and spontaneous demands. Compare the performance between first and third year of their training. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis based on trainees Mini-CEX charts. RESULTS: There were 119 residents evaluated during their first year. The prevalence of vaccination status screening in controls was 94.9% (confidence interval -CI-: 91.09-98.91); in demands 73.1% (CI: 65.2-81; OR 5.33; CI: 2.23- 12.75; p 0.00004). The prevalence of prevention opportunities in controls was 69.8% (CI: 61.6- 78); in demands 62.2% (CI: 53.5-70.9; OR 1.034; CI: 0.4638-2.306; p= 0.4673). There were 32 trainees compared between their first and third year performance in demands, without significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: We found high prevalence of vaccination inquiry and lower prevalence of hierarchization of prevention opportunities in controls, with less inquiry in demands.

Introducción. El Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) es una herramienta formativa. Dentro de sus ítems, evalúa la pesquisa del estado de vacunación y la jerarquización de oportunidades de prevención. Objetivos. Determinar porcentaje de pesquisa de dichos ítems en controles de salud y demanda. Comparar desempeño entre primer y tercer año. Materiales y métodos. Análisis retrospectivo de las planillas del Mini-CEX de residentes. Resultados. Se evaluaron 119 residentes. La prevalencia de pesquisa de vacunación en controles fue 94,9% (intervalo de confianza ­IC­: 91,09-98,91); en demanda, 73,1% (IC: 65,2-81; OR 5,33; IC: 2,23-12,75; p= 0,00004). La prevalencia de aprovechamiento de oportunidades en controles fue 69,8% (IC: 61,6-78); en demanda, 62,2% (IC: 53,5-70,9; OR 1,034; IC: 0,4638- 2,306; p= 0,4673). En 32 residentes se comparó su desempeño entre primer y tercer año en demandas, sin diferencia significativa. Conclusiones. Se detectó alta prevalencia de pesquisa de vacunación y menor prevalencia de aprovechamiento de oportunidades en controles, con menor pesquisa de ambos ítems en demandas.

Oxigenoterapia por Cánula Nasal de Alto Flujo / Oxygen therapy with High-Flow Nasal Cannula

Las infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas (IRAB) son una de las principales causas de consulta en los servicios de atención ambulatoria, pudiendo representar hasta el 36% de las consultas a servicios de Emergencias, 25% de los ingresos hospitalarios y 55 % de los requerimientos de asistencia ventilatoria mecánica (AVM), siendo la bronquiolitis la principal entidad clínica. El pilar fundamental del tratamiento de pacientes con IRAB e insuficiencia respiratoria aguda es la oxigenoterapia. De acuerdo al flujo entregado, la misma se divide en bajo y alto flujo. Cabe destacar que los sistemas de bajo flujo presentan algunas desventajas, como la imprecisión para entregar una FiO2 constante y cuantificable, insuficiente humidificación y calentamiento, inadecuada relación entre el flujo entregado y la demanda inspiratoria del paciente y riesgo de re-inhalación de CO2 con el uso de máscaras. En este contexto surge la oxigenoterapia por medio de cánulas nasales de alto flujo, que son sistemas abiertos y de fácil utilización, en el cual se basará la revisión del presente artículo.

Acute lower respiratory infections are one of the most common causes of ambulatory visits, accounting for up to 36% of the emergency department consults, 25% of hospital admissions and 55% of the requirement of invasive ventilation. The main responsible clinical entity is acute viral bronchiolitis. a. Médico de Planta Unidad 8. HNRG b. Médico de Planta Unidad de Terapia Intensiva- HNRG c. Jefe de Residentes Clínica Médica. HNRG d. Instructor de Residentes Clínica Médica. HNRG Correspondencia: Cristian Barbaro: drcristianbarbaro@gmail.com Conflicto de interés: ninguno que declarar. Oxigenoterapia por Cánula Nasal de Alto Flujo. Una revisión Oxygen therapy with High-Flow Nasal Cannula. A review Cristian Barbaroa , Ezequiel Monteverdeb , Julian Rodriguez Kibrikc , Guillermo Schvartzc y Gonzalo Guiñazúd The basic treatment for patients with acute respiratory insufficiency is oxygen therapy. According to the flow rate of the oxygen delivery, this therapy can be divided into high or low flow. The later has some disadvantages, like the lack of precision in delivered FiO2 , insufficient humidity and warmth of gas mixture, inadequate matching between oxygen delivery and the patient's inspiratory effort, and the risk of CO2 rebreathing. In this context, the High-Flow Nasal Cannula appears as a non-invasive and easy to use method, which will be reviewed in this article.

Implementación de evaluación virtual con retroalimentación inmediata. Experiencia en la residencia de Clínica Pediátrica del Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez / Implementation of online evaluation with immediate feedback. Experience in the Pediatric Residency of Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital

Introducción: Acorde a los nuevos modelos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, la formación virtual con exámenes informatizados ha ido adquiriendo mayor importancia. El objetivo del presente artículo es describir la experiencia de la implementación de un examen online de opción múltiple con retroalimentación inmediata en la residencia y medir la percepción de los residentes de dicha herramienta mediante una encuesta. Métodos: Se elaboraron preguntas de opción múltiple con cuatro opciones. Al finalizar el examen cada residente tuvo una devolución inmediata del resultado, la revisión y la justificación de cada pregunta. Luego se realizó una encuesta virtual anónima de seis preguntas. Resultados: Se evaluaron 113 residentes. El 71,8% (n= 79) nunca había rendido un examen en modalidad virtual. El 82,7% (n= 91) consideró la nueva modalidad una herramienta útil para su formación. El 95,6% (n= 108) estuvo de acuerdo o completamente de acuerdo con la utilidad formativa de la retroalimentación inmediata. En cuanto a la utilización de dispositivos electrónicos, el 36,2% (n= 41) los utilizaban casi siempre y el 28,3% (n= 32) siempre. Al 58% de los encuestados (n= 65) la modalidad online le resultó mejor o mucho mejor a las experiencias previas. Conclusiones: Se comprobó alto porcentaje de conformidad con la utilidad formativa de la nueva modalidad por parte de los residentes del programa de Clínica Pediátrica

Introduction: According to new learning models, online training with computerized exams has acquired greater relevance. The objective of this article is to describe the experience of the implementation of a multiple choice online exam with immediate feedback at the residency and measure the perception of the pediatric trainees through a survey. Methods: Multiple-choice questions were developed with four options. At the end of the exam, each trainee had access to an immediate feedback of the result, as well as the review and justification of each question. Then an anonymous virtual survey of six questions was carried out. Results: 113 pediatric trainees were evaluated. 71.8% (n= 79) had never done a virtual exam. 82.7% (n= 91) considered the new modality a useful tool for their training. 95.6% (n= 108) agreed or completely agreed with the formative utility of the immediate feedback. Regarding the use of electronic devices, 36.2% (n= 41) used them almost always and 28.3% (n= 32) always. To 58% of the trainees (n= 65) the online modality was better or much better than previous experiences. Conclusions: A high percentage of acceptance with the formative usefulness of the new modality was demonstrated